Maharashtra State Board 12th Biology Solutions Chapter 10 Human Health and Diseases
1. Multiple Choice Questions
2. Short Answer Questions
3. Short Answer Questions
Antigen | Antibody |
1. Antigens are foreign proteins which are capable of producing infection. | 1. Antibodies are immunoglobulins produced by the body to act against the antigens. |
2. The structure of antigens is variable dependent upon the type of pathogen. | 2. The structure of antibody is Y-shaped. |
3. The antigen is the ‘non-self’ molecule. | 3. The antibody is ‘self’ molecule. |
4. The antigens have epitope sites which bind with the antibody molecule. | 4. The antibodies have paratope sites which bind with the antigen molecule. |
II. Spread / Transmission of malaria:
Active immunity | Passive immunity |
1. Active immunity is produced in response to entry of pathogens and their antigenic stimuli. | 1. Passive immunity is produced due to antibodies that are transferred to the body. |
2. Active immunity is the long lasting immunity. | 2. Passive immunity is short-lived immunity. |
3. In active immunity, the body produces its own antibodies. | 3. In passive immunity, antibodies are given to the body from outside. |
4. Natural acquired active immunity is obtained due to infections by pathogens. | 4. Natural acquired passive immunity is obtained through antibodies of mother transmitted- to baby by placenta or colostrum. |
5. Artificial acquired active immunity is obtained through vaccinations. These vaccines contain dead or live but attenuated pathogens. | 5. Artificial acquired passive immunity is also obtained through vaccinations, but here the vaccines contain the readymade antibodies which are prepared with the help of other animals such as horses. |
4. Short Answer Questions
B-cells | T-cells. |
1. B-cells are type of lymphocyte whose origin is in bone marrow but maturation is in blood. | 1. T-cells are type of lymphocytes which originate in bone marrow but maturation occurs in thymus. |
2. B-cells Eire type of lymphocytes which are involved in humoral mediated immunity. | 2. T-cells are type of lymphocytes which are involved in cell-mediated immunity. |
3. 20% of lymphocytes present in the blood are B-cells. | 3. 80% of lymphocytes present in the blood are T-cells. |
4. Two types of B-cells are Memory cells and Plasma cells. | 4. T-cells are of following subtypes : Cytotoxic T-cells, helper T-cells, suppressor T-cells. |
5. They are involved in antibody mediated immunity. (AMI) | 5. They are involved in cell-mediated immunity (CMI). |
6. B-cells produced antibodies with which they fight against pathogens. | 6. T-cells do not produce antibodies. |
7. B-cells have membrane bound immunoglobulins located on the surface. | 7. There is a presence of T cell receptors on the T-cell surface. |
(2) The HIV attacks the immune system which in turn causes many opportunistic infections, neurological disorders and unusual malignancies ultimately leading to death.
(3) AIDS was first noticed in USA in 1981 whereas in India, first confirmed case of AIDS was in April 1986 from Tamil Nadu.
(4) HIV is transmitted through body fluids such as saliva, tears, nervous system tissue, spinal fluid, blood, semen, vaginal fluid and breast milk. However, only blood, semen, vaginal secretions and breast milk generally transmit infection to others.
(5) The transmission of HIV occurs by sexual contact, through blood and blood products and by contaminated syringes, needles, etc. There is also transplacental transmission or through breast milk at the time of nursing.
(6) Accidental needle injury, artificial insemination with infected donated semen and transplantation with infected organs are some of the rare occasions of transmission of HIV.
(7) HIV infection is not spread by casual contact such as hugging, bite of mosquitoes or using other objects touched by a patient.
(8) Acute HIV infection progresses over time to asymptomatic HIV infection and then to early symptomatic HIV infection. Later, it progresses to full blown AIDS when patient shows advanced HIV infection with CD4 T-cell count below 200 cells/mm.
(b) Malaria:
Answer:
Symptoms of malaria:
(c) Ascariasis:
Answer:
(d) Pneumonia:
Answer:
(2) The bacterium has “O” – antigen, which is a lipopolysaccharide (LPS), present on surface coat and its flagella has “H” – antigen. Thus it becomes pathogenic.
(3) Signs and Symptoms of typhoid are as follows:
Prolonged and high fever with nausea, fatigue, headache.
Abdominal pain, constipation or diarrhoea. In severe cases rose-coloured rash is seen on skin. Tongue shows white coating and there is cough. Anorexia or loss of appetite is seen. In chronic cases there is breathlessness, irregular heartbeats and haemorrhage.
(4) Poor hygiene habits and poor sanitation and insects like houseflies and cockroaches spread typhoid.
(5) Typhoid is diagnosed by Widal test.
(6) Antibiotics like Chloromycetin can cure typhoid. Preventive vaccines such as oral Ty21a vaccine and injectable typhim vi and typherix against typhoid are also available. Chronic cases need surgical removal of gall bladder.
5. Match the following.
Column I | Column II |
(a) AIDS | (i) Antibody production |
(b) Lysozyme | (ii) Activation of B-cells |
(c) B-cells | (iii) Immunoglobulin |
(d) T-helper cells | (iv) Tears |
(e) Antibody | (v) Immuno deficiency |
Answer:
Column I | Column II |
(a) AIDS | (v) Immuno deficiency |
(b) Lysozyme | (iv) Tears |
(c) B-cells | (i) Antibody production |
(d) T-helper cells | (ii) Activation of B-cells |
(e) Antibody | (iii) Immunoglobulin |
6. Long Answer Questions
II. Difference between benign tumour and malignant tumour:
Benign tumour | malignant tumour |
1. Benign tumour is localized and it does not spread to neighbouring areas. | 1. Malignant tumour starts as local but spreads rapidly to neighbouring areas. |
2. Benign tumour is enclosed in connective tissue sheath. | 2. Malignant tumour is not enclosed in connective tissue sheath. |
3. Benign tumour compresses the surrounding normal tissue. | 3. Malignant tumour invades and destroys the surrounding tissue. |
4. Benign tumours can be removed surgically. | 4. Malignant tumours need further treatment after removal. |
5. Except for brain tumour, benign tumours are usually not fatal. | 5. Malignant tumours are fatal. |
6. Benign tumours do not show metastasis. | 6. Malignant tumours show metastasis. |
7. Benign tumours are well differentiated. | 7. Malignant tumours are poorly differentiated. |
8. Benign tumours show slow and progressive growth. | 8. Malignant tumours show rapid and erratic growth. |
III. The main five types of cancer:
Types of Cancer : According to the tissue affected, the cancers are classified into five main types. These are as follows:
(B) Acquired immunity:
II. Methods/measures to avoid drug abuse:
If there is complete trust and friendship with sensible parents, then such influence does not work. One should protect himself or herself by a strong denial. Communicating such incidents to an elder in whom a boy or girl can confide, is very important. One should tell his or her friends about the ill-effects of alcohol and drugs. He should be made aware of these aspects that he or she has learnt in this lesson.